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Diese Referenzliste wurde ursprünglich für den FORBIT DRM-/DRM-Workshop auf der FORBIT-Tagung zum 20. Jahrestag des Volkszählungsurteils des Bundesverfassungsgerichtes, am Freitag, 5. Dezember 2003, in Hamburg, erstellt.
(Die Liste wird fortgeführt.)
Robert A. Gehring
rag @ cs.tu-berlin.de
Technische Universtität Berlin
Informatik und Gesellschaft
DRM (Digital Rights Management) ist ein Sammelbegriff für Technologien mit denen Anbieter von Informationen (d.h. "Inhalten") über diese Informationen die Kontrolle behalten wollen, nachdem sie in den Verfügungsbereich des Anwenders/Nutzers dieser Informationen übergegangen sind.
Solche Technologien werden seit kurzer Zeit im Rahmen des Urheberrechts gegen Umgehung geschützt. Die Nutzung von Information die von DRM-Technologie "geschützt" werden, ist in der Regel im Rahmen der entsprechenden Nutzungsvereinbarungen (Nutzungsverträge, Lizenzen) zulässig.
Eine Umgehung des DRM-Schutzes zur Inanspruchnahme gesetzlich verbriefter Rechte (z.B. Privatkopie) ist in Deutschland in der Regel unzulässig und im gewerblichen Bereich unter Strafe gestellt.
Beispiel: Kopierschutzverfahren für Musik-CDs und online lizenzierte Musik
«Pioneer British electronic label Warp Records has struck a blow for computers users by making its entire back catalog available for download - unencumbered by the toxic DRM restrictions that the pigopolists insist on.»
«And so with the personal computer industry now suitably compliant, the RIAA embarked on a campaign of civic terror, seeking to criminalize a human activity that has been a staple of popular culture for several thousand years. A sleeping judge opened the door to the labels to mine the names of file swappers from ISPs, and over a thousand threats followed. The RIAA terrorized twelve year old girls, planned to seed bombs at random on personal computers, and more recently, has fraudulently adopted the paramilitary trappings of the state to stage "raids" on parking lot attendants.»
«In the latest effort to respond to the threat from online piracy, a group of large media and technology companies today unveiled a new specification for a technology that will distribute online digital content to consumers while honouring complex contractual relationships that exist among media owners.
The group, which calls itself the CRF (Content Reference Forum), is a new, cross-industry standards organisation that boasts Universal Music Group, Microsoft, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) and VeriSign among its members.
The goal is to design a technology platform that enables media companies and other digital content owners to distribute content across different technology environments and geographical regions, according to Albhy Galuten, chairman of the CRF and a former advanced technical lead at Universal Music Group.»
« Most entertainment content sold online is encoded in proprietary formats and wrapped in anticopying technologies such as Microsoft's Windows Media or Apple Computer's FairPlay. That means that someone who wants to share a Windows Media-encoded song purchased through Napster's online song store can't share it with someone who wants to buy it and play it on an Apple iPod, for example.
Under the new technology, people would share the "Content Reference" file instead, which would point them to authorized versions of the content that would automatically fit whatever device or computer software the recipient is using.»
«The world's largest software and music companies, together with a broad alliance of companies, on Wednesday said they would work together in a bid to transform Internet file sharing from a haven for piracy into a potential profit center.
Microsoft Corp. (MSFT.O: Quote, Profile, Research) and Universal Music, a unit of Vivendi Universal (V.N: Quote, Profile, Research) are members of the Content Reference Forum, formed in March to develop a universal way to distribute digital content.»
«People who advocate the widespread deployment of DRM technology and government support of it through law enforcement and civil court procedures make us feel like we only exist to be consumers and as such are subordinate to producers simply because we are below them in the economic food chain.»
«Sen. Orrin Hatch, R-UT, said he was drafting legislation to require devices in PCs permitting the destruction of hardware used for widescale copyright infringement by sending a secret command to the remote computer. A copyright holder would be required to offer two warnings before the "kill switch" was activated and the computer destroyed or permanently disabled, Hatch said.
"That may be the only way you can teach these people about copyright infringement," Hatch told reporters in the Hart Senate office building before a meeting of the Judiciary committee. "Requiring kill switches is an extreme step, but if the private sector can't stop piracy on its own, the government will."»
«Die Software-Firma SideSpace Solutions hat diese Woche die zweite Beta-Version ihres DRM-Systems Media-S vorgelegt. Dabei handelt es sich nach Angaben des Unternehmens um das erste Digital Rights Management Toolkit mit offenem Quellcode.»
«Stellung bezogen hat jetzt auch die Informations- und Kommunikations-Initiative der wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften, welche die Interessen von etwa 120.000 Mitgliedern vertritt. "Die Innovationsfähigkeit unseres Landes und damit unsere Zukunft hängen davon ab, dass der 'Zugang zur weltweiten wissenschaftlichen Information für jedermann zu jeder Zeit und von jedem Ort zu fairen Bedingungen' sichergestellt wird", zitiert die Wissenschaftlerlobby in einer auch ans Bundeskanzleramt versendeten Erklärung das Bundesforschungsministerium.»
«The different worlds of DRM and Open Source have come together under OGG-S [http://www.sidespace.com/products/oggs/], a project that just recently went to beta with their Open Source DRM toolkit.»
«Die American Bar Association (ABA), der mächtige Verband der Rechtsanwälte in den Vereinigten Staaten, hat das sich derzeit rapide verbreitende Funk-Internet nach WLAN-Standard von einem internen Gremium für neue Informationstechnologien prüfen lassen. Resultat: Die Technologie könne sich nur dann weiter entwickeln, wenn ein eingebauter Kopierschutz, das so genannte «Digital Rights Management» (DRM) in den WLAN-Standard eingebaut würde.»
«We sell Windows, and DRM is part of its overall value. It is really complementary to other types of security we have created in the operating system. Just like we have deep file-level security in Windows today, this is similar. Yet it also extends that protection as media travels across machines or over the Internet. In order for digital media to be a viable solution for the content industry, they require DRM to be a part of the platform. In order to build a healthy digital media ecosystem--with great content from content providers who can continually get paid for their work and consumers who demand great content--we built the DRM building blocks in Windows.»
«Überdies sind Verbraucher, deren Geräte eine gekaufte Ware nicht abspielen könnten, auf die Kulanz des Handels angewiesen. Einige Händler verweigern schon jetzt, mit Hinweisen auf technische Schutzmaßnahmen versehene CDs zurückzunehmen. Der Münsteraner Zivilrechtler Thomas Hoeren warnte in einem Gutachten, das er im Auftrag des Verbraucherzentrale-Bundesverbands (vzbv) erstellt hat, davor, dass Hersteller eines Abspielgeräts ein Sicherungsverfahren mit einem bestimmten Anbieter von Inhalten verknüpfen können. Dies sei etwa im Fall von Sony und Sony Music der Fall und könne Monopolbildungen fördern.
Vertreter von Verbraucherinteressen sehen deshalb bei zunehmender Verbreitung der Kontroll-Systeme die Gefahr, dass bisher frei zugängliche Werke unter die digitale Nutzungskontrolle fallen könnten. Der Konstanzer Informationswissenschaftler Rainer Kuhlen etwa warnte in einer Anhörung davor, dass das neue Urheberrecht den Weg in eine freie Informationsgesellschaft verbaue und der Wirtschaft keine Anreize für neue Geschäfts- und Organisationsmodelle gebe.»
«Im Unterschied zu früheren Ausführungen anderer Microsoft-Sprecher betonte Hübner den Aspekt des Datenschutzes: Auf keinen Fall sollen die Nexus-Chips, mit denen NGSCB realisiert wird, standardmäßig den Anwender "verpetzen" und etwa an DRM-Systeme melden, welche Musik auf dem Computer gespielt wird. "Es ist bei NGSCB ein wichtiges Designprinzip, dass der Nutzer stets selbst kontrollieren und entscheiden kann, ob und wann er die NGSCB-Technologien benutzt. Er entscheidet selbst im Sinne des Datenschutzes, ob er Dritten die auf dem Sicherheitschip gespeicherten Merkmale zugänglich macht, mit denen er identifiziert werden kann."»
«A scheme being implemented by Office Depot - almost certainly at Microsoft's behest - means that companies that fail to join a logo scheme will find their XP products won't appear on store shelves unless they've been certified by Redmond.»
«Suppliers who will be affected by the scheme tell the INQUIRER that they believe the primary goal of Microsoft is to push digital rights management (DRM) through the back door. If products cannot be sold unless they have been subjected to a whole battery of Microsoft tests, they will have to conform to the rules of the software giant.»
«Mihm sagt: "Palladium ist keine DRM-Applikation und Microsoft keine DRM-Firma. Aber wenn zukünftige Versionen des Mediaplayers DRM unterstützen und diese im 'sicheren' Windows-Bereich laufen, dann wird es schwieriger, das Thema DRM zu umgehen." Für Broyer eine Beschneidung der Konsumenten-Rechte. Anwender würden so gehindert, Sicherheitskopien von legal gekauften Produkten zu erstellen.»
«Yet, at this stage, it is difficult to see how to avoid the kind of rough justice meted out by Germany. Even the most advanced digital rights management systems lack a reliable model of remunerating copyright holders. Hence the conspicuous absence of DRM in the EU's Copyright Directive.»
«However, when companies do start to migrate to Office 2003, they'll find some features that haven't been present before. The one that worries me is Microsoft's Information Rights Management (IRM) and Windows Rights Management Services (RMS). Basically, these are new acronyms for Digital Rights Management (DRM). RMS is an ironic name for Microsoft's most proprietary of offerings, since these letters also are the initials of Richard M. Stallman -- the father of the GNU (GNU's Not Unix) project and the General Public License that Microsoft's executives hate so much.»
«That doesn't mean chipmakers oppose hard-wired copy controls. Indeed, the trend toward software-based protection is at odds with the longer-term direction of companies such as Intel and Microsoft, and their so-called trusted computing initiatives. Under both companies' plans, a hardware-based authentication system would let computers guard against hackers' intrusions and viruses, as well as potentially block use of pirated software, songs or movies.»
«"Our philosophy has always been that DRM should be software," said Randy Cole, chief technologist for Texas Instruments' Internet audio business. "The advantage to that is that it's changeable in the field."»
«Dem eigentlich erlaubten privaten Kopieren schieben die Plattenfirmen schon heute manchmal einen Riegel vor, indem sie ihre CDs mit einem Kopierschutz versehen. Die Scheiben können dann von Computern nicht gelesen, also nicht kopiert, aber auf dem Rechner auch nicht angehört werden. Natürlich gibt es immer wieder pfiffige Tüftler, die diesen Kopierschutz umgehen. Aus diesem eher sportlichen Wettrüsten zwischen den Content-Anbietern und den Hackern soll jetzt ein Straftatbestand werden. Das geplante Urheberrecht stellt sich auf die Seite der Anbieter und gibt ihnen das Recht, die Verwendung ihrer Produkte nach dem Verkauf beliebig einzuschränken.
Damit wird deutlich, was eigentlich immer schon der Fall war: dass man mit dem Kauf einer CD oder eines Buches zwar ein greifbares Ding erwirbt, an dessen Inhalt aber nur ein eingeschränktes Nutzungsrecht. Die Industrie möchte nun diesen Handel mit Rechten perfektionieren. Das verbirgt sich hinter dem Kürzel ?Digital Rights Management?. Warum nicht die Lizenz verkaufen, ein Stück nur einmal zu hören? Oder die Genehmigung, genau drei Kopien davon zu machen? Oder ein Lied verschenken, das vom Empfänger nur am eigenen Geburtstag zu hören ist? DRM ermöglicht das alles.»
«Der Verbandsfunktionär kritisierte ganz besonders die Bundesregierung, die nach seiner Auffassung zu langsam bei der Umsetzung der EU-Richtlinie zum Urheberrecht[2] agiere. "Jeder Tag der uns verloren geht, ist bares Geld wert", empörte sich Gebhardt. Wenn die Novellierung des Urheberrechts in Deutschland[3], zu der auch ein gesetzlicher Schutz für DRM-Systeme[4] gehören soll, beschlossen sei, dann werde sich einiges ändern. Die rote Karte zeigte der Ex-Manager von Warner Music dabei auch der Computerpresse -- das neue Gesetz verbiete es, zu erklären, wie Musik zu klonen sei, ebenso wie die Werbung für Produkte, mit denen das möglich ist. Zeitungen und Zeitschriften, die darüber berichten, müssten dann mit rechtlichen Konsequenzen rechnen.»
«"Das Thema wird möglicherweise zerredet", fürchtet Gallmann. Dass Microsoft durch seine Politik der wortreichen Geheimhaltung einen Teil dazu beitragen könne, kam ihm jedoch nicht in den Sinn. Dagegen bedauerte es der Vertriebsexperte erneut, dass NGSCB "leider oft mit DRM in Verbindung gebracht" werde. Es sei aber kein System zum digitalen Rechtemanagement. Dass das ursprüngliche White Paper zu Palladium von der "Content Security Business Unit" in Redmond erarbeitet wurde, hatte Gallmann nicht parat und wollte den sich daher aufdrängenden engen Zusammenhang mit DRM-Systemen auch nicht kommentieren.»
«Microsoft is threading DRM throughout the Office 2003 suite, allowing restrictions to be set on Outlook mail messages, as well as on Word, Excel and PowerPoint documents. Using "permission templates," document authors can determine restriction policies to be applied to entire categories of documents, according to Microsoft's site.
Redmond has been working to include DRM in a slew of its products. Currently, Windows Media Series includes DRM code. But Microsoft has been seeking ways to incorporate DRM in Office, Windows, SharePoint Team Services and Internet Explorer.»
«The software lives inside a router or gateway to the broader Internet. As it is currently configured, it creates a copy of all the traffic flowing past, identifies those bits that are using FTP (file transfer protocol) or the Gnutella technology, and then re-creates those files to identify them.
The resulting reports have given Wyoming a look at what its students are actually trading and in what quantities. In one 24-hour period, for example, the most popular file traded using the Gnutella network was an MP3 by rap artist "Big Tymers," which passed the network monitor 188 times. »
«"Wir werden das Thema Raubkopien von einer anderen Seite angehen"
Weil die Universitäten, wie Christian Klinger meint, hier versagt hätten, möchte Copy Hall eine Datenbank mit wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten aufbauen. Seit Ende letzten Jahres ist die Webseite am Start. Sechs angestellte und vier freie Mitarbeiter beschäftigt die Firma; drei Jahre hat die Geschäftsentwicklung in Anspruch genommen. Die Hauptschwierigkeit bestand darin, eine Software zu entwickeln, mit der man zwar Texte ansehen, aber nicht - ohne Bezahlung - drucken kann. Die nötige Finanzierung kam von der EU, aber auch von Unternehmen vor Ort, unter anderem von einer Ausgliederung der Stadtwerke Leipzig. Heute bringt es www.copy-hall bereits auf vierzigtausend Besucher im Monat.»
«Schon bald werde sich zum Beispiel das Digital Rights Management (DRM) durchsetzen, das eine nutzungsabhängige Vergütung der Privatkopie ermöglichen soll. Die Verbraucher würden dann Geräteabgaben bezahlen und zusätzlich über den Kaufpreis das Recht auf die begrenzte private Vervielfältigung erwerben. Harms fordert daher die Bundesregierung auf, "die Ausdehnung des im digitalen Umfeld inzwischen aberwitzig gewordenen Systems der pauschalen Abgabe zu verhindern".»
«Das "absolute Ziel" sei "Superdistribution", eine Voraussetzung, um den Mobile Commerce anzutreiben. Bei dieser Art Vertrieb würden hochwertige Inhalte vor unberechtigter Nutzung geschützt. Die Nutzer könnten die Inhalte dennoch untereinander austauschen, da beispielsweise die Zahl der Weiterverbreitungen oder Abspielvorgänge von Beginn an definiert würden.»
«Mit anderen Worten: Wenn es nach der Industrie geht, dann geht in Sachen Kopieren bald gar nichts mehr. Damit sinkt jedoch der Gebrauchswert von CDs - was sich logischerweise auf den Preis auswirken müsste. Doch als der FDP-Abgeordnete Hans-Joachim Otto wissen wollte, ob - die Einführung von Digital Rights Managment (DRM) vorausgesetzt - in Zukunft mit niedrigeren Preisen für kopiergeschützte CDs zu rechnen sei, gab es seitens der Industrie erst mal nur Gedruckse. Beziehungsweise verwies Thorsten Braun vom Bundesverband phonografischer Wirtschaft auf Internetangebote wie Pressplay (bislang nur für US-Bürger nutzbar), die durchaus mit gestaffelten Preisen arbeiten. [...] Und überhaupt müsse man ja die herben Verluste der vergangenen Jahre wieder einspielen. Soll heißen: In Zukunft muss der Konsument aller Voraussicht nach noch mehr bezahlen für noch weniger Service. Dass der Umsatzschwund möglicherweise ganz andere Ursachen hat und zu weiten Teilen gar selbstverschuldet sein könnte, war natürlich kein Thema.»
«Die Musikindustrie kann offenbar zufrieden sein. Sie sei "dringend auf die Novelle des Urheberrechts angewiesen", und der Regierungsentwurf stelle "eine in weiten Teilen gelungene Umsetzung der EU-Richtlinie und der WIPO-Verträge dar", lobte Thorsten Braun, Syndikus des Bundesverbands der Phonographischen Wirtschaft, bei der Sachverständigen-Anhörung des Rechtsausschusses im deutschen Bundestag zur Novellierung des Urheberrechts die Bundesregierung. »
«Als einziger unter den 18 geladenen Sachverständigen brachte der Konstanzer Informationswissenschaftler Rainer Kuhlen in der gestrigen Anhörung grundsätzliche Kritik an dem gesamten Novellierungsvorhaben vor. "Dieses Urheberrecht stabilisiert tradierte Verwertungs- und Eigentumsansprüche, die sich in elektronischen Räumen überlebt haben", erklärte er. Es "verbaut den Weg in eine freie Informationsgesellschaft", die Formulierungen "atmen den Geist der Kontrolle und des Misstrauens".»
«Merkwürdig frei fühle er sich hier. Ausgerechnet in Berlin. Genauer gesagt: im Kinosaal der Berliner Humboldt-Universität. Als John Perry Barlow mit seiner damaligen Band Grateful Dead anno 1968 das erste Mal Berlin besuchte, befand sich die Humboldt-Universität jenseits der Mauer, und die DDR war für den Musiker ein Ausbund an Abscheulichkeit. Denn hier paarte sich Gedankenkontrolle mit ökonomischer Kontrolle. Es sei wohl eine Ironie des Schicksals, dass er an diesem Ort vor den möglichen Folgen des Digital Rights Managment (DRM) warne. Vor den Folgen einer Gesetzgebung also, die in den USA zu einer Form von privatwirtschaftlichem Totalitarimus geführt hat. Denn: "Das Digital Rights Management von heute ist das Political Rights Management von morgen."»
«Die Aktion privatkopie.net, Vertreter von Cyber-Rights-Gruppen, Hochschulen und Bibliotheken haben heute in Berlin eindringlich an die Bundesregierung und den Bundestag appelliert, den heftig umstrittenen Entwurf[2] für ein neues Urheberrecht nicht in der bisherigen Form zu verabschieden. Die Politik sei dabei, warnte Andy Müller-Maguhn vom Chaos Computer Club (CCC), das Zepter gänzlich an die Medienindustrie abzugeben: "Die Frage der Information wird eine Frage des Budgets". Die Regierenden würden sich aller Handlungsoptionen berauben, wenn sie der Industrie dank der Sanktionierung technischer Kopierschutzmethoden die Steuerung der zukünftigen Wissensversorgung überließen. Forscher und Bibliothekare sehen Kostenlawinen auf ihre Institute zukommen -- mit schlimmen Folgen für die Allgemeinheit.»
«"Palladium wird die Piraterie nicht stoppen", erklärte Brunell zunächst pauschal. Dafür sei es zumindest nicht konzipiert worden, schränkte er später ein. Auf jeden Fall seien die Nutzer weiterhin in der Lage, "ihre MP3-Dateien abzuspielen" -- im ungesicherten Teil des Systems.»
«"DRM ist eine Applikation, die Fähigkeiten von Palladium nutzen kann", erläuterte Gerold Hübner, Sicherheitschef von Microsoft Deutschland, im Tenor anderer Manager des Softwarehauses.»
«Universal Music and EMI, two of the biggest record labels in the world, "are very excited about this because it enables the industry to build a CD with their own protections built in," he said, speaking at the Midem music conference in southern France.
Microsoft has invested $500 million in digital rights management, or DRM, for music, Fester said. The Toolkit was co-developed with technology partners Phoenix-based SunnComm Technologies and France's MPO International Group, he added.»
«The music and computer industries have come out against any moves by the US government to embed anti-piracy technology in software and consumer electronic devices. This puts them in a different camp from Hollywood's mouthpiece, the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), which supports government-mandated technology.»
«Einen zweiten Konferenz-Schwerpunkt stellte gestern die Diskussion über Digital Rights Management (DRM) dar. "DRM schadet Musikern", meinte dazu etwa Joe Kraus von der Initiative Digitalconsumer.org. Konsumenten würden sich über kopiergeschützte Produkte ärgern und als Folge weniger Musik kaufen, meint Kraus. Fred von Lohmann von der Electronic Frontier Foundation erinnerte in diesem Zusammenhang daran, dass einige Microsoft-Forscher kürzlich in einem Aufsatz erklärt hatten, der Einsatz von Kopierschutz-Technologien sei möglicherweise kontraproduktiv.»
«Jackson's aims, to allow MS reader files to be converted to formats supported by text to speech conversion programs or PDAs not running Redmond's Pocket PC software, have something in common with that of ElcomSoft, the developer of Advanced eBook Reader.»
«Copy protection, like poor environment and chemical instability before it for books and works of art, looks to be a major impediment to preserving our cultural heritage. Works that are copy protected are less likely to survive into the future. The formal and informal world of archivists and preservers will be unable to do their job of moving what they keep from one media to another newer one, nor will they be able to ensure survival and appreciation through wide dissemination, even when it is legal to do so.
If you are an artist or author who cares more than about the near-term value of your work, you should be worried and be careful about releasing your work only in copy protected form. Like the days when "art" was only accessible to the rich, two classes will probably develop: Copy protected and not copy protected, the "high art" and "folk art" of tomorrow.»
«Eine Gruppe von Forschern aus dem Hause Microsoft hat sich anlässlich eines Workshops über Digital Rights Management Gedanken zum Filesharing gemacht. In einem 16-seitigen Dokument schildern sie die Entwicklung von Tauschvorgängen bei Software und anderem digitalen Material bis hin zu Passwörtern und Registrierschlüsseln -- in den 80er Jahren geschah das noch persönlich im privaten Raum oder auf dem Schulhof, entwickelte sich dann aber über das Napster-Prinzip bis hin zu modernen P2P-Börsen wie Gnutella. In den Worten der Forscher: Die Entwicklung ging vom "Sneakernet" bis zum "Darknet". Sie kommen zum Schluss, dass ein Kampf gegen das weltweite Tauschen aussichtslos ist. Es gebe weder geeignete Mittel gegen die Verbreitung von digitalem Material noch zum Schutz der Urheberrechte.»
«Microsoft's goal is to find a way to incorporate a set of interfaces around DRM and its real-time communications server--code-named Greenwich--into the platform while still being able to develop and charge for solutions or services built on top of that.»
«John Persinger, an internal network administrator for Source4 Inc., in Roanoke, Va., said Microsoft will likely try to "crush any DRM competition." If successful, that would leave some 80 percent of those "digital assets" in its control, Persinger said. "While I won't use the word 'monopoly,' you can see the dangers of that type of widespread control," he said. ´»
«As computer-processing power and the bandwidths of Internet connections continue to expand exponentially, Hollywood has become increasingly nervous. DVD recorders are falling in price, and consumers on peer-to-peer (P2P) file-trading networks have taken the next step and started downloading copyrighted video as well as audio. The big media conglomerates are turning to Congress to codify a complicated Digital Rights Management (DRM) scheme that would allow the studies to hack into the computers of illicit file-trading consumers, and are leaning on the Justice Department to prosecute traders of unauthorized copies of copyrighted material on P2P networks.»
«Whatever benefits it might bring, DRM software's downside will undoubtedly include the collection of large amounts of user data that could prove valuable to marketers, snoopers, and others besides those who sell online content. It's well known that many users refuse to visit sites that require registration; DRM could solve this problem by making it easier to keep track of people [...]» (S. 65)
«Information suuplied by DRM technologies can be used to build a dossier about the use's informational preferences and patterns of use. This information in turn can be sold to data aggregators or obtained by the government and used for a variety of purposes.» (S. 48)
«The future of DRM appears to lie in the direction of tamper-resistant hardware, which promises to be a far more effective solution. Ironically, such an approach threatens to move "the remote controllability" from users to third parties, carrying its own set of risks.»
Code and other Laws of Cyberspace, von Lawrence Lessig (1999). New York, NY: Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-03912-X. (besonders Kapitel 11, S. 142-163; Das Buch ist in einer deutschen Ausgabe verfügbar.)
«We already have architectures that deny individuals control over what others know about them; the question is what we can do in response. My response has been: look to the code. We must build into the architecture a capacity to enable choice [...]» (S. 163)
Digital Rights Management, von A. Picot (Hrsg.) (2003). Springer Verlag, ISBN 3-540-40598-4.
Digital Rights Management. Technological, Economic, Legal and Political Aspects, von Eberhard Becker, Willms Buhse, Dirk Günnewig und Niels Rump (Hrsg.) (2003), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 2770, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, ISBN 3-540-40465-1.
Inhalt <http://www.digital-rights-management.org/drm_contents_20030730.pdf>
(einige Artikel sind online frei verfügbar)
The Internet Edge. Social, Technical, and Legal Challenges for a Networked World, von Mark Stefik (1999). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-19418-X. (insbesondere Kapital 8: The Digital Keyhole: Privacy Rights and Trusted Systems)
«Just as copyright law is concerned with the use of published works, privacy law is concerned with the use of private and personal data. In both cases, technological developments are overturning established protections, expectations, and practices.» (S. 197 f.)
«Without computers, a modern welfare state could not operate. This explains the thinly veined euphoria of the bureaucracy for the new technology.
Viktor Meyer-Schönberger, "Generational Development of Data Protection in Europe» (S. 201)
Hinweis in eigener Sache: Robert A. Gehring ist Gründungsmitglied von Privatkopie.net. (D.h. das hier ist "Werbung" ;-)
Die Studie hat im wesentlichen Geschäftsmodelle und technische Aspekte untersucht, Fragen des Schutzes der Privatsphäre spielten nur eine sehr untergeordnete Rolle.
«Ziel der Studie ist die Festlegung der Anforderungen an technische Schutzmaßnahmen unter Berücksichtigung der Aspekte Sicherheit, Gebrauchstauglichkeit, Akzeptanz und Bezahlungsmodalitäten im Hinblick darauf, ob DRM-Systeme geeignet sind, die individuelle Lizenzierung zu unterstützen und pauschale Medien- und Geräteabgaben zur Kompensation der Urheber abzulösen.» (S. 4)
Datenschutz ist nach Bitkom-Auffassung kein Problem, das von DRM-Systemen zu lösen sei:
«Concerns about creating user profiles are a general e-commerce problem and thus must be solved independent of DRM issues.» (Bitkom-Broschüre zur Studie: "Copyrights in the Digital Era: Valuation and Value Creation, S.3)
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) ist ein Sammelbegriff für elektronische Datenträger die mittels Funktechnologie oder Induktion angesprochen werden können, wobei sie per Funk Identifikationsinformationen aussenden.
Beispiel: berührungslos arbeitende, elektronische Hotelausweise
«Der japanische Elektronikhersteller NEC Corp[1]. gab bekannt, dass im Frühling der Einstieg in das RFID-Tag-Geschäft (Radio Frequency Identification) geplant ist. Dabei handelt es sich um kleine drahtlose Datenübertragungschips, welche zukünftig Barcodes ablösen sollen. Die Speicherkapazität der RFIDs kündigt das Unternehmen mit einer Kapazität von einem Kilobit an. Die RFIDs erscheinen in einer wiederbeschreibaren Version.»
«To all, Dillman has a simple answer: Get ready, because change is coming. Wal-Mart is positioning itself at the front of an inevitable technological revolution, even if it means dragging others into a future they're not sure they want, Dillman said.»
«RFID has a dazzling allure in the retail industry, where enthusiasts envision every product having a digital tag instead of a bar code. A can of soda, for instance, could be tracked from manufacture to warehouse to store to a customer's RFID-equipped refrigerator.
That scenario unnerves privacy advocates, who worry about a corporation's being able to track a customer's every move.
Wal-Mart's plan, thus far, is nowhere close to that vision, Dillman said in an interview at the company's northwest Arkansas headquarters.
The retailer is asking suppliers to attach RFID chips to their crates and cases of products. At this point, only those large shipping containers would be tagged, not individual products.»
«Durch die Verbindung von personalisierten RFID-Labels und elektronischer Zugangstechnik wollen die Organisatoren Ticketfälschungen erschweren und sicherstellen, dass nur berechtigte Personen Zutritt ins Stadion erhalten. Das System soll bekannte Gewalttäter vom Erwerb ausschließen und den Schwarzhandel mit Eintrittskarten unterbinden.»
«Your Speedpass-enabled Timex Watch is the fastest and easiest way to pay. No reaching for your wallet, or fumbling with change. The new watch looks and functions just like a regular watch. However, inside the watchband is a miniature Speedpass radio frequency transponder that allows customers to instantly pay for purchases at over 7,500 Exxon and Mobil stations nationwide and at over 440 participating McDonalds' restaurants in Chicago and Northwest Indiana.»
«Der Softwarekonzern SAP[1] will seine Präsenz im Einzelhandel stärken und in Kürze ein Programm zur Abwicklung des Warenflusses in "intelligenten Warenhäusern" auf den Markt bringen. Erste Programme, bei denen Computer den Warenfluss überwachen, sollen bereits in einigen Monaten auf den Markt kommen.»
«Says Microsoft Retail & Hospitality Solutions Industry Group GM Brian Scott: "Retailers need to differentiate themselves from their competitors by using technology, both to understand individual customers' wishes, even before they are expressed, and to have the agility and real-time overview to deliver on these aspirations."»
«EPCglobal[1], das mit der Einführung des Electronic Product Code (EPC) befasste Industriekonsortium, gab heute seine Zusammenarbeit mit dem kalifornischen Unternehmen VeriSign bekannt. VeriSign[2] werde den globalen Verzeichnisdienst für das RFID-basierte EPC-Netzwerk stellen.»
«VeriSign has snagged the tag contract, to manage a key component of a Net trading systems for consumer products identified by radio-frequency identification tags.»
«One organization may have been shamed into soliciting CASPIAN's advice, however. The Grocery Manufacturers of America this week inadvertently sent an internal e-mail to CASPIAN suggesting it was looking for embarrassing information about the group's founder, Katherine Albrecht.
The e-mail, written by a college intern at GMA, reads, "I don't know what to tell this woman! 'Well, actually we're trying to see if you have a juicy past that we could use against you.'"»
«"We understand and care about the concerns that some of our customers have about privacy and, as always, we put our customers' needs first," said Wal-Mart spokeswoman Sarah Clark.»
« Microsoft said Monday that it established a new project aimed at providing next-generation technology to retailers, including emerging wireless applications such as radio frequency identification.»
«The Redmond, Wash.-based software maker reported that it has already signed on a number of partners to contribute to the project, including consultants such as Accenture and Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, and technology vendors like Dell Computer, Hewlett-Packard and Intel. Microsoft also has recruited several retail chains to participate in the program, including 7-Eleven, Circuit City Stores and RadioShack.»
«Sollte der Zeitplan wie geplant umgesetzt werden, würde Metro die US-Kette Wal-Mart überholen, die 2005 mit dem großflächigen Einsatz der RFID-Technik starten will. Metro arbeitet mit Intel und SAP zusammen. Durch die RFID-Technik erwartet der Konzern bei den Lagerhaltungskosten Einsparungen um 20 Prozent, also mehreren Milliarden US-Dollar.»
«Products ranging from baby wipes to cat food may go wireless in the next few years, thanks to the efforts of retailers who seek to install new inventory tracking technology, and the tech companies who are lining up to help them.»
«Chipmaker Intel is working with a consortium, including the Carrefour Group, Metro Group and Tesco, to create a forum called the Electronic Product Code Retail User's Group of Europe. The forum, launched Monday, aims to speed the deployment of technologies, such as RFID (radio frequency identification) and EPC (Electronic Product Code), which the group believes are superior for managing inventory in distribution centers, warehouses, and on stores' sales floors.»
«When rumours surfaced in 2003 that the European Central Bank was quietly planning to put RFID (radio frequency identification) tags in euro banknotes to combat fraud and money laundering, privacy groups balked at the possibility that anybody with an RFID reader could count the money in wallets of passers by.
While the rumours have not been confirmed or denied a new generation of casino chips with built-in RFID tags is giving an insight into the way banks and shops could keep track of real money if it were tagged. The chips will be launched later in 2004 and will allow casino operators to spot counterfeits and thefts, and also to monitor the behaviour of gamblers.»
«Vor übertriebener Euphorie warnt IDC allerdings: Anfangs verteile sich der Löwenanteil der Investitionen auf Hardwarebeschaffung und -integration (Transponder-Label und Infrastruktur). Kosten, welche Unternehmen sorgsam gegen den Nutzen abwägen sollten. Der Bedarf nach Software (RFID-Middleware) werde erst etwa 2006 zunehmen, wenn tatsächlich mehr Unternehmen die Möglichkeiten der Technik nutzten.»
«In a statement issued earlier this week, Infosys said it will start marketing a new offering based on RFID, which keeps tabs on stock levels through microchips embedded in individual products. Beyond slashing labor costs associated with stock checking, the advanced tracking capabilities of radio frequency-based systems, such as the ability to tell an item's origin, time of purchase and expiration date, will enable companies to respond quickly to changes in the demand and supply chains.»
«RFID tags, UPC codes, International characters in email addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all go into DNS, and folks have occasionally proposed doing just that. It's really just a question of figuring out how to use the DNS -- it's ready to carry arbitrary identifiers. And by the way, this isn't a new idea, see RFC 1101 for proof, although even earlier I designed the DNS in the early 1980s to allow it to be so, but it seemed too far fetched to document for a while.»
«While the benefits for pharmaceutical companies could be significant, the manufacturers had some special concerns about how RFID will be used in the highly regulated industry. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has Current Good Manufacturing Practice rules that require the validation of computer systems to assure the accuracy and integrity of data. It's not clear how RFID systems, which are integrated with computers, can be validate so that government regulators are sure the right tag was read and not a nearby tag.»
«Mike Liard, an analyst at Venture Development Corp. in Natick, Mass., said UPS has little choice but to incorporate RFID into its supply chain business, since that's a requirement for anyone who does business with Wal-Mart, the Pentagon and their top 100 suppliers. But "there are a lot of question marks" about RFID standards and technology that could push the initiative to use 900-MHz, passive RFID tags beyond January 2005, he said.»
«The other difference is the amount of information. Every can of Campbell's chicken noodle soup has the same bar code--it says "This is a can of Campbell's chicken noodle soup." But RFID tags can store up to two kilobytes of information. That's about 2,000 characters--including spaces that can be more than 300 words. It's enough to say (to a computer), "This is can number 2003173451 of Campbell's chicken noodle soup, produced at 3:48 PM on August 8, 2003 at the third processing station in the Newton, Iowa plant. It was canned by a machine operated by Steve Smith because Jeff Jones was out sick that day." (That example, by the way, is about a quarter of a kilobyte.)»
«Retailers and consumer packaged goods firms should use Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags to aid product recalls and track health issues, according to analyst firm Forrester.
But to put consumers at ease about privacy concerns retailers need to make clear the advantages of being able to trace food, and provide opt-in choices regarding the storage and analysis of collected data.»
« Delta Air Lines Inc. last month tracked 40,000 passenger bags equipped with radio frequency identification (RFID) tags from check-in to loading on an aircraft in a test with an accuracy level that ranged from 96.7% to 99.8%, far better than the 80% to 85% rate achieved with bar code scanners, according to the airline and its technology partners in the test.»
«"It makes no sense [for Delta] to get locked in" to a proprietary standard, Rary said. That's one reason it wants to test RFID bag tags from Alien Technology, which developed tags to the EPCglobal standard.»
«"Pharmaceutical information is intimately related to health or medical information, which society has long treated as very sensitive and private," Tien said. "Think about all the 'personal' items we buy at the drugstore. My wife wouldn't want anyone to know she had bought a home pregnancy kit. If RFIDs are promiscuous -- unencrypted, not protected against being read by any RFID reader -- anyone with a reader could know what she bought."»
«All RFID schemes CGE&Y discussed currently involve tags incorporated only at the package level -- say, for bottles for pills. "No one feels comfortable to have a chip you could swallow," Towner said.»
«Researchers questioned summit officials about the use of the chips and how long information would be stored but were not given answers.»
«"The big problem is that system also fails to guarantee the promised high levels of security while introducing the possibility of constant surveillance of the representatives of civil society, many of whom are critical of certain governments and regimes," the report said.
"Sharing this data with any third party would be putting civil-society participants at risk, but this threat is made concrete in the context of WSIS by considering the potential impact of sharing the data collected with the Tunisian government in charge of organizing the event in 2005," it said.»
«The new credit cards work much like the Speedpass system that ExxonMobil has accepted for quick payments at its gas stations since 1997. But the keychain fobs carried by Speedpass' 6 million users are good only at ExxonMobil stations and a handful of other retail outlets.»
« Visa USA has developed contactless capabilities but is holding off on a launch because ``consumers seem to be content using the cards they have in their wallet,'' Visa spokeswoman Camille Lepre said.
The new cards have chips imbued with radio-frequency identification, or RFID, the technology that Wal-Mart, the military and other institutions hope to begin using soon to precisely track inventory. »
«MasterCard's PayPass comes on a regular-sized card that also has a magnetic stripe for swiping if need be. MasterCard also has done tests in Dallas with Nokia Corp. in which the RFID chip is embedded in the plastic casing of a cell phone.»
«In theory, the transaction could be intercepted without a consumer's knowledge by a technologically savvy thief intent on cloning a card. That's because RFID transmissions themselves are not encrypted.»
«The Defense Department is slowing down part of its plans for using radio-frequency identification tags. The department last week said it's asking only major suppliers to begin using the technology on cases and pallets delivered to its various units by January 2005.»
«Defense originally wanted all of its 43,000 suppliers to implement RFID by January 2005. Now it's requiring only its top 100 vendors to meet that deadline. The top 500 suppliers must be using RFID by July 2005, while the rest need to be on board by January 2006.»
«The center is due to open in February next year and is an addition to Sun's U.S. facility. Sun maintains that RFID tags have the potential to cut huge costs from the supply chain of retailers and manufacturers. The European center will be designed to help companies tag products, integrate the information into back-end systems and share it with their supply-chain partners, Sun said.»
«The privacy issue will become much greater with the "inevitable" introduction in the future of DNA-based electronic ID, according to Gage.»
«Um den Informationsfluss selbst kontrollieren zu können, müssten Unternehmen ihren Kunden RFID-Lesegeräte zur Verfügung stellen, fordert padeluun weiter und weist daraufhin, dass sein Verein an der Herstellung solcher Lesegeräte arbeitet.»
« NEW YORK, Dec 3 (Reuters) - The U.S. Department of Defense plans to stick to a January 2005 start date for suppliers to attach to their shipments tiny electronic tracking tags, an official said on Wednesday.
"We have to change the way we handle our logistics to support our war fighters," Alan Estevez, assistant deputy undersecretary of defense in charge of supply chain integration, said in a phone call with reporters on Wednesday. »
«padeluun: Wo Daten anfallen und gesammelt werden, werden Begehrlichkeiten geweckt. Im Zuge des "Kampfes gegen den Internationalen Terrorismus" werden dann nicht nur Gesetze gemacht, die das präventive Speichern aller Kommunikationsdaten erzwingen, sondern dann wird es noch das "RFID-Durchleite-, Speicher- und Auswertegesetz" geben. Das mag absurd erscheinen. Bei den Big-Brother-Awards haben wir jedoch die Länder Bayern, Niedersachsen, Rheinland-Pfalz und Thüringen auszeichnen müssen, unter anderem, weil sie die Vorratsdatenspeicherung beschlossen und verabschiedet haben (Thüringen), oder sie, soweit es absehbar ist, unaufhaltsam verabschieden werden. Das sind Armeen von Nachtigallen, die da trapsen.»
«Infineon will sich in diesem Segment in Zukunft nicht auf die Chipentwicklung beschränken, sondern ganze elektronische Identifikationssysteme einschließlich der Infrastruktur und Software für die Industrie entwickeln und projektieren. Auch IBM hatte vor kurzem neue Dienste angekündigt[3], mit denen Händler auf RFID-Systeme umsteigen können.»
«Verbraucherschützer warnen davor, dass mit den RFID-Tags (Radio Frequency Identification) das Kaufverhalten und sogar die finanziellen Verhältnisse von Kunden ausgespäht werden können. Das größte Risiko liege in der mangelnden Transparenz für die Betroffenen, sagte der designierte Bundesdatenschutzbeauftragte Peter Schaar der FTD. Daten könnten unbemerkt ausgelesen werden.»
«Tesco will have radio frequency identity (RFID) technology in operation throughout its supply chain by 2007.»
«Tesco is clearly aware of the privacy concerns surrounding RFID and is using its marketing savvy to promote the technology to customers and suppliers as 'radio barcode' technology.»
«Stories of person-level tagging have only heightened fears of a Big Brother world coming to fruition. In Mexico, some children have reportedly been implanted with RFID chips under the skin so they can be tracked if they're kidnapped. A company in Brazil has supposedly implanted chips into the skin of its employees as their means to gain building access. Closer to home, a school in Buffalo is requiring students to wear RFID-tagged badges around their necks to track arrival times, and a prison is using RFID wristbands to monitor inmates. Some have speculated on the benefit of implanting in people RFID chips containing their medical and criminal histories. With friends like these, does Wal-Mart need any enemies?»
«Several companies are already creating these privacy controls. In recent meetings, chip makers and users discussed how the universally accepted principles of data privacy could be built into the RFID process. A top priority was notifying customers that certain items were tagged with these transmitters. The companies discussed accomplishing this by adopting a common RFID logo to place on product packages. To give customers the ability to turn off the transmitters, the firms plan to make them peel-offs. RSA Security Inc. is also developing a chip that could be worn on watches or bags that would block nearby RFIDs from transmitting certain information. All in all, the RFID privacy ball is rolling.»
«More than 30 privacy and civil liberties groups have demanded a halt to the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags on consumer goods.»
«"Human tracking is inappropriate, either directly or indirectly, through clothing, consumer goods, or other items," said the statement.»
«Es gebe zwar sinnvolle Einsatzmöglichkeiten für RFID wie zum Beispiel die Rückverfolgung von Medikamenten, um sicherzustellen, dass diese keine Fälschungen sind; auch könnte die Auffindung von Gegenständen mit toxischen Substanzen auf Mülldeponien erleichtert werden, doch könnten Eigenschaften der Technik den Datenschutz gefähren. So könnten RFID-Etiketten an Gegenständen ohne Kenntnis derer angebracht werden, die die Produkte erwerben. Die Objekte bekämen so einzigartige Identifikationsmerkmale, die zur Errichtung eines globalen Registrierungssystems geeignet seien. Entsprechende Datensammlungen könnten mit Personenidentifikationsdaten zusammengeführt werden. Es wären Bewegungsprofile von Personen möglich, ohne dass diese davon wüssten.»
Positionspapier der Bürgerrechtler (4 MB PDF): <http://www.foebud.org/texte/aktion/rfid/positionspapier.pdf> [22.12.2003].
«Tien is working with public library systems to ensure that they have privacy in mind in their RFID decisions. He was critical of the San Francisco Public Library Commission's decision to fund an RFID-tracking system for library books in its 2004-05 budget without having a public debate about privacy.»
«"Der Schutz der Daten ist wichtiger denn je. Datenschützer müssen sich der Technologien bedienen, um Daten zu beherrschen", lautet Schaars zweite These. Am Beispiel der RFID-Technik erläuterte er, dass es im Datenschutz nicht nur um Verbote, sondern auch um Gestaltung gehe. Mit Hilfe von RFID-Chips könnten Menschen zum Gegenstand von Datenauswertungsprozessen werden. Der Selbstdatenschutz bestünde darin, Menschen technische Mittel an die Hand zu geben, um diese Chips auszulesen und nach dem Kauf der mit den Chips versehenen Waren zu deaktivieren. Datenschützer müssten für solche Datenschutztechniken werben.»
«Makers of RFID (or radio frequency identification) tags, along with the retailers and suppliers who plan to use them, are saying the technology they spent millions of dollars developing is too weak to threaten consumer privacy. Metals, plastics and liquids, they say, all block radio signals before they reach RFID reader devices.»
« Civil libertarians have their backs up over the prospect of retailers using RFID tags to track people in their stores, and -- by combining the radio tag data with credit and customer-loyalty-card information -- creating detailed profiles of their customers.
Government snoops could also, conceivably, use RFID-based customer profiles in an investigation, and track the radio tags in public places to keep tabs on certain individuals. »
«RFID tags are the new “cookies.” I just don’t see any “there” there.» (Jim Harper)
«Washington, D.C. A position paper on RFID tags being released by anti-commercial groups includes more science fantasy than legitimate privacy concerns, according to privacy think-tank Privacilla.org.» (Pressemitteilung)
«Die Stiftung "Bürgerrechte in der digitalen Gesellschaft" (Bridge) hat den im Juni ausgelobten Förderpreis in Höhe von 15.000 Euro dem Verein zur Förderung des öffentlichen bewegten und unbewegten Datenverkehrs (FoeBuD) für das Projekt einer Kampagne "Privacy Gadgets gegen Datenkraken" zuerkannt.
Den Kern der unter 18 eingereichten Vorschlägen ausgewählten Projektidee bildet die Entwicklung eines kleinen elektronischen Spielzeugs (Gadgets) "zur Verteidigung der Privatsphäre". Es soll elektronische Etiketten (RFID-Tags) aufspüren, die unter anderem zur Vereinfachung der Warenlogistik mit einem Electronic Product Code (EPC) zunehmend an Gegenständen beliebiger Art angebracht werden und in die sich künftig berührungslos Daten ein- und auslesen lassen werden. »
«The fish had disappeared a day later and when officers stopped the poachers' vehicle they could find no trace of the animals. However, a subsequent search of their home uncovered fillets in the freezer, complete with microchips still emitting signals to the fisheries officers' tracking devices.»
« The security benefits of attaching RFID tags to all items of luggage checked by authorized airline passengers may outweigh the risk, or the cost, of leaving residual radio frequency trails of our subsequent travels. A court order authorizing the use of a tracking device on a suspect's luggage may not be required if law enforcement officers don't have to do anything special to arrange for installation of the tracking device. The suspect's luggage simply goes in with all ports closed, unable to respond even to a ping request, and comes out with the equivalent of an open port with a microchip designed to receive and respond to incoming requests. If we capture radio signals and radiate responses without our knowledge or consent, it is difficult to imagine anyone arguing that we have not been compromised materially. Assurances that nothing bad will ever happen to us as a result of having RFID tags attached to our belongings and our persons sound hollow and are not very reassuring. Yet, the potential benefits for counterfeit prevention, DRM, and streamlined security (think automated employee identification at facility perimeters, or digital signature verification of every item in a crate full of software received by a retailer) may be substantial and compelling.»
«The new system means that, in effect, the company's salaried workers, which mostly are client-services representatives, now get paid by the hour. "Most of them are very honest about what they do so they have no fears," says Lynn Simmons, the company's president. But "there's always a person or two that were trying to get one over on me. This way if they take a half-day off and don't make it up they don't get paid for it."»
«While the efficiencies, including reducing overtime abuses and improving scheduling, may be real, another attraction for managers is the ability to keep an eye on lazy workers, especially nonunionized office workers who don't work in shifts and generally have more freedom to schedule their days. "Everybody wants tardy information and extra-hour information and [data about] long lunches on their salary people," says Brent Larsen, senior developer at Count Me In LLC, a Mount Prospect, Ill., company that sells attendance-tracking systems that use fingerprint-recognition technology. "They generally don't use it for payroll. They use it to chew them out."»
«In the area of port and container security, the main focus of this two-day conference, the U.S. government has been pushing a "smart-container" initiative. [...] The smart-container initiative involves retrofitting all of the 6 million shipping containers that enter the country every year with state-of-the-art IT sensors and tracking systems.»
«The smart shopping cart looks like a normal one except for an interactive screen and scanner mounted near the shopper. Once the shopper swipes his store card, his shopping history is available for all kinds of purposes, from presenting a suggested shopping list to alerting him to discounts or reminding him about perishables purchased a month ago.»
«Hopping said a shopping cart could eventually be outfitted to interact with the shelves so a shopper could see an ad or an offer about chicken noodle soup just as he heads into the soup section.»
« On the horizon, the consultants say, is the day when every product is tagged with an RFID, or radio frequency identification chip, instead of a bar code. The chips, which don't have to be scanned, would allow shoppers to leave the store without checking out at all and get the bill on their credit card or store account.»
«Paedophiles are to be electronically tagged in the UK for the first time in a move that could prompt a revolution in the treatment and monitoring of sex offenders.
A British company is to hold talks with Ministers in the next few weeks with a view to launching a Home Office-backed trial involving between 100 and 500 child sex offenders. It is also talking to government officials in the United States, Italy and Ireland and is to tag a number of paedophiles who have volunteered to wear the device.»
«EPC stands for electronic product code, which is the new product numbering scheme that's at the heart of the system.
There are several key differences between an EPC and a bar code. First, the EPC is designed to provide a unique serial number for every item in the system. By contrast, bar codes only identify groups of products. So, all cans of Diet Coke have the same bar code more or less. Under EPC, every can of Coke would have a one-of-a-kind identifier. Retailers and consumer-goods companies think a one-of-a-kind product code could help them to reduce theft and counterfeit goods and to juggle inventory more effectively.»
«Another feature of the EPC is its 96-bit format, which some say is large enough to generate a unique code for every grain of rice on the planet. "Every molecule on Earth is what the MIT boys said," Abell said.»
«The labs at RSA Security on Wednesday outlined plans for a technology they call blocker tags, which are similar in size and cost to radio frequency identification (RFID) tags but disrupt the transmission of information to scanning devices and thwart the collection of data.»
«"This is not meant to be a hostile tool," Juels said. "It balances consumer privacy and retail use in a profitable way...Tags are too useful to completely disable them."»
«After protests against the trial of RFID tags by Gillette at a Tesco store in Cambridge (pics), increasing press coverage, a boycott, and the growing mobilisation of campaigners against the intrusive use of the technology, Gillette have withdrawn their trial.»
«Wenn die Testphase erfolgreich verläuft, wird diese Technik im größeren Maßstabe im Neubau der Universitätsbibliothek (voraussichtlich ab Wintersemester 2004) eingesetzt. Die Vorteile für die zukünftige Benutzung liegen auf der Hand: keine langen Warteschlangen vor dem Ausleihtresen, schnelles Verbuchen der Bücher. Die Testinstallation der Selbstverbuchungsanlage wurde durch die zusätzliche finanzielle Unterstützung der TU und die zunächst leihweise Bereitstellung der Geräte durch den Hersteller 3M ermöglicht.»
Weitere Informationen dazu: <http://www.tu-berlin.de/presse/tui/03okt/ub.htm>.
«The international coalition also urged rejection of Article 21 of the proposal, which requires Member States to forbid technology including software that is capable of bypassing technical restrictions imposed by intellectual property holders. This provision threatens market competition by permitting foreign IP owners to restrict parallel imports and impose price discrimination within the EU. Article 21 would also forbid Europeans from deactivating or removing technical devices such as Radio Frequency ID (RFID) tags that are embedded into clothing and other consumer goods to prevent counterfeiting but can also be used to track people.»
«Facing increasing resistance and concerns about privacy, the United States' largest food companies and retailers will try to win consumer approval for radio identification devices by portraying the technology as an essential tool for keeping the nation's food supply safe from terrorists.
The companies are banding together and through an industry association are lobbying to have the Department of Homeland Security designate radio frequency identification, or RFID, as an antiterrorism technology.»
«"If we get a declaration from Homeland Security that this is the step we need to take to protect the food supply, that's the step it will take to move this technology forward," said Procter & Gamble supply-chain executive Larry Kellam at an RFID industry conference in June.»
«Stimulated by demand for supply chain visibility, the global RFID market looks set to grow to more than $3.1bn by 2008.»
«"With over three billion tag shipments expected by 2008, and with retailers and manufacturers already seeing positive returns on RFID investment, RFID will only gain more and more acceptance."»
«"The shelf was never completely installed," Wal-Mart spokesman Tom Williams said. "We didn't want it. Any materials that were there (in Brockton) were removed. We never had products with chips in them."»
«But soon after Wal-Mart first discussed its smart-shelf trial, privacy advocates began to raise concerns about the technology. The main questions: Would retailers and manufacturers be able to monitor products after consumers purchased them? Could the technology be misused by hackers and criminals or exploited for government surveillance?»
«According to a survey it conducted in May, Research firm Gartner said that 55 percent of the consumers it polled would shop in stores where RFID technology is being used if it meant faster checkouts. About 16 percent said they would probably or definitely stop shopping in a store using RFID, and 28 percent were undecided. However, when their payment information was electronically stored, almost half, about 45 percent, said they would be unwilling to shop in those stores.»
«Right now, you can buy a hammer, a pair of jeans, or a razor blade with anonymity. With RFID tags, that may be a thing of the past. Some manufacturers are planning to tag just the packaging, but others will also tag their products. There is no law requiring a label indicating that an RFID chip is in a product. Once you buy your RFID-tagged jeans at The Gap with RFID-tagged money, walk out of the store wearing RFID-tagged shoes, and get into your car with its RFID-tagged tires, you could be tracked anywhere you travel. Bar codes are usually scanned at the store, but not after purchase. But RFID transponders are, in many cases, forever part of the product, and designed to respond when they receive a signal. Imagine everything you own is "numbered, identified, catalogued, and tracked." Anonymity and privacy? Gone in a hailstorm of invisible communication, betrayed by your very property.»
«Last year, the Company announced that it was accelerating development of PLD in response to demand from high-risk countries and other potential customers. The exact timing of commercial availability of PLD is unclear pending further technological refinements and achieving any required regulatory clearances. The PLD technology builds on United States Patent Number 5,629,678 for a "personal tracking and recovery system" which Applied Digital acquired in 1999.
In its PLD announcement last year, the Company said it is committed to providing customers with a full range of "personal safeguard technologies" that enhance personal safety, security and peace of mind.»
« A German retailing chain next week will open a "store of the future" that will feature radio frequency tags for inventory management and a scale that can identify different types of produce as retailers try to use technology to reduce costs.
The Metro conglomerate will cut the ribbon Monday on an electrified version of one of its Extra stores in Rheinberg, Germany, in an effort to acclimate the public to electronic store management. Metro is the sixth largest retailer in the world; the Extra stores are urban general stores that sell groceries and household items.»
«For its part, Intel is working on technology that will disable the chip when consumers leave the store.»
«In a statement issued Friday (see story), Benetton said that "no microchips [smart tags] are present in more than 100 million garments produced and sold throughout the world under its brand names, including the Sisley brand."
Benetton said that even though it's currently analyzing RFID technology, no feasibility studies -- including analysis on the potential implications relating to individual privacy -- on the use of this technology have yet been done. The company said that after those studies are completed, it will decide whether to implement the use of smart tags.»
«PARIS -- Philips Semiconductors' RFID chip will be embedded into the label of every new garment bearing the name of Benetton's core clothing brand, Sisley.
Philips said Tuesday (March 11)) it sewed up the design win with European clothier Benetton through close work with LAB ID, an Italian system integrator. Philips estimated that it will ship 15 million RFID chips, based on its I.CODE ICs, to Benetton in 2003.»
«Since I.CODE ICs are embedded into garment labels, they would remain attached for the life of an each piece of clothing. As the use of RFID chips moves closer to consumers, some worry about privacy issues raised by the tracking capabilities of RFID technology. Duverne said standards groups are looking for a uniform way to "deactivate" the RFID function after clothes with smart labels are purchased by consumers.
The I.CODE chip used in Benetton's labels includes 1,024 bits of EEPROM and operates at 13.56-MHz carrier frequency. It can be operated without line of sight up to 1.5 meters. The label requires no internal power supply. Its contactless interface generates power and the system clock via the resonant circuitry by inductive coupling to the reader.»
«Jan 17, 2003 - Michelin this week revealed that it has begun fleet testing of an RFID transponder embedded in its tires to enable them to be tracked electronically. After it completes testing, which will likely last 18 months, Michelin will begin offering automakers the option of purchasing tires with embedded transponders.
The US Congress passed the TREAD (Transportation, Recall, Enhancement, Accountability and Documentation) Act in the wake of the Firestone/Ford Explorer debacle. The act mandates that car makers closely track tires from the 2004 model year on, so they can be recalled if there's a problem. This technology could be available for the 2005 model year.»
«The Fairchild and Philips chips are based on Intermec's Intellitag. Saleem Miyan, Philips global strategic business manager for RFID products, says his company made some refinements to the Intellitag design, which it has licensed from Intermec.The Philips I-Code HSL chip operates at 868-915 MHz stores about 2 kiliobytes of information. It is currently available only in sample quantities. it will be mass-produced starting in the middle of the year.»
«Gillette's decision makes it clear to end users that the Auto-ID Center's technology is real, works and is a viable option when implementing RFID. That clears up some of the confusion, but it should also create some anxiety. Gillette is well ahead of many of its competitors in terms of evaluating the benefits of RFID, understanding how it can be used and implementing it.»
«Nov. 15, 2002 - At the Auto-ID Center's board meeting yesterday, there was one piece of news that everyone was talking about. Just before the representatives from 83 sponsor companies broke for lunch, Dick Cantwell, Gillette's VP of worldwide beauty care products, told the group that his company plans to purchase 500 million RFID tags from Alien Technology, the Morgan Hill, Calif. Startup.»
«RFID tags are kind of like Web browser cookies for everyday objects. They allow individual products to be tracked during their entire life time from their birth at a factory all the way to their death at the local landfill.»
«The Auto-ID center of Cambridge, Mass. has some interesting diagrams of how RFID readers will use the Internet to connect to a centralized tracking database: <http://www.autoidcenter.org/technology.asp>.»
«In time, when billions of tags are out there and communicating, the technology will infiltrate business and everyday life to a greater extent than today's personal computers, cell phones or e-mail. In decades to come, its impact might be as fundamental as the invention of the light bulb.»
«RFID has been around awhile. During World War II, the military used a high-powered, bulky version of it to identify friendly aircraft. Starting in the 1970s, the federal government stuck RFID tags on nuclear materials to better track them. In the 1980s, commercial warehouses used it to locate loaded pallets.»
«Privacy will certainly be an issue. For instance, insurance companies might want to use the technology to know where you take your car, so they can charge more if you regularly park in high-crime neighborhoods.
Privacy "is an issue. There will have to be a social discourse about what we want and don't want, " said Accenture's Ferguson. "But the technology isn't going away: You can't un-invent it." »
«SAN FRANCISCO--Sun Microsystems has joined a program called Auto-ID to build wireless digital identification tags into everything from razor blades to soup cans, Chief Executive Scott McNealy said Thursday.»
«But building transponders into every sort of product could spark privacy concerns, said David Holtzman, an Internet security researcher and former Network Solutions chief technology officer.
People might not be comfortable walking around with items that identify themselves as medication, condoms or pornography. They also might not be comfortable with manufacturers tracking where products go after being purchased.»
«The location of your customer becomes the location of your business. [...] This is the fundamental principle of anchoring cyberspace back to a physical contect.» (S. 85)
«Mobile devices and appliances become the eyes and ears of remote service providers.» (S. 85)
«This technology allows rapid response to a remote service request by first establishing the customer's context, [...] even human staff (through RFIDs) -- and then deliver the highest fidelity service [...]» (S. 86)
«If we value privacy, someone will sell it to us.» (S.87)
«In many instances, the things we use are in a better position to make decisions than we are. Who knows better, for instance, how to spend the next maintenance dollar on your car, you or your car?» (S. 87)
· A study on the design of large-scale mobile recording and tracking systems, von A. Lim und Kui Mok (1998). In: Proceedings of the Thirty-First Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 6.-9. Januar 1998, Vol. 7, S. 701 -710, <http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel4/5217/14150/00649272.pdf?isNumber=14150&prod=IEEE+CNF&arnumber=649272&arSt=701&ared=710+vol.7&arAuthor=Lim%2C+A.%3B+Kui+Mok%3B>.
«IDTechEx is the world's leading independent analyst on the development and application of RFID smart labels and smart packaging technologies.»
«About RFID News: Free Software, Privacy, Jobs, Supply Chain, Shipping Containers, and Industry News»
«EPCglobal, a joint venture between EAN International and the Uniform Code Council, Inc., is industry's trusted partner for driving the global, multi-industry adoption and implementation of the EPC Network.»
RFID-Handbuch. Grundlagen und praktische Anwendungen induktiver Funkanlagen, Transponder und kontaktloser Chipkarten, von Klaus Finkenzeller (2002). 3., aktualisierte und erweiterte Auflage, München, Wien: Carl Hanser Verlag. ISBN 3-446-22071-2.
Das Buch bietet eine umfassende Darstellung der technischen Aspekte der RFID-Technologie, inklusive solcher der Standardisierung. Am Ende des Buches werden eine Reihe von praktischen Einsatzszenarien anschaulich beschrieben. Fragen des Schutzes der Privatsphäre und (sonstige) rechtliche Probleme des RFID-Einsatzes werden nicht behandelt.
«RFID will provide an unprecedented view into a product's life -- changing the way goods are produced, shipped, marketed, and sold. RFID will roll out in four stages: field tests, shipping assets, cases, and products.»
«RFID answers key questions like: "What's in a product?" and "Where has it been?"»
«Case-level tagging for consumer packaged goods enables "sense-and-respond" supply networks in 2005.»
«RFID, inc. is focused on the manufacture for resale of its RFID systems in off the shelf forms to End Users, Resellers, Integrators, VARS, as well as the development of new RFID systems for OEM's interested in customized systems for incorporation into their own product offerings. A particular new focus has been made to develop Readers to customer specification for users interested in basing their own solutions on the many generic, configurable Transponder chips found on the market today by, for example, Microchip, Atmel, Philips, Temic, etc.»
«With its global manufacturing capacity and a track record of 180 million RFID tags deployed worldwide, TI-RFid Systems is a full-service partner for 13.56 MHz systems solutions.»
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